Human Rights and Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Rights and Rule of Law - Essay ExampleDo human refines really last How can human rights be understood and justified. And what is the purpose of the rule of law The following study is purposed to analyze the practical understanding of the fancy of human rights in different countries and whether the fundamentals of this concept are frequently observed and agreed upon.Rights are creations of human consciousness. Today the existence of human rights has assumed paramount importance for the advance of society. Human right can exist as a shared norm of actual human moralities, as a justified moral norm supported by strong reasons, as a legal right at the national level, or as a legal right within international law. picture in national and international law is one of the ways in which human rights exist. But many have suggested that this is not the only way. If human rights exist only because of enactment, their availability is contingent on domestic and international political de velopments. However there are certain rights which are somehow innate and organic in human beings- the right to life, the right to food, liberty and to formal equality as pressed by the rules of natural justice. The more contemporary human rights allow in the right to freedom of expression, right to a free trial and the right to equality before law and the extent to which these rights are observed in a given country primarily depends on its establishment inspired by the policies in practice by the authorities. That is one reason why despite the universal agreement on the need for protection of human rights, there exist1s an alarming trend of deliberate violation of these rights within the premises of the current institutions.Every regime claims to advance the well being of its people and still most regimes in the world systematically violate human rights. They do so in the pick up of maintaining national security, defending civilization and advancing the revolution of economic p rogress. Our kind of world makes necessary the most robust scepticism toward all ideological labels. Whether a repressive regime describes itself as socialist or capitalist, as revolutionary or traditional,Do Human Right Exist What is the Purpose of the Rule of Law 4 the salient characteristics are the same. People are not allowed to leave the country. The secret police are not restrained by law and there is no appeal from police power.

Why I want to attend Virginia State University Essay

Why I want to attend Virginia State University - Essay ExampleMy intention to count the Accounting program is because I would like to manage the family business and help in the administration of finances. I performed better in the lower grade level and business was my favorite subject. The other reason why I wish to pursue this course at Virginia State University is that it has facilities and resources that make learning favorable for prospective job commitments.The University should consider my application since I am self-motivated, disciplined and ambitious. I shall apply my strengths to enable the Finance and Accounting department attain its missions and visions of training effective workers. It is my belief that I shall be considered for a slot to attend the institution. I promise to observe the rules and work hard towards accomplishing the objectives of the department. I look forward to receiving a timely response from the applications committee and I am ready to attend inter views when called upon

Estimating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Estimating - Essay ExampleTherefore, the calculation of the height of the building will be as followsThis means that the height of the tower from the world-class floor is 108ft. However, in order to find the total height of the building from the run aground floor, 15ft have to be added to the total 108ft. Therefore, the total estimated height of the tower from the ground floor to the indicated place will be 123ft.This affection method is better since there is no information provided about the height of the floors. Even though the estimation method cannot provide accurate data, it is the best method for estimating the towers length up to the indicated place.In order to calculate the total load the foundation of the tower mustiness carry, assumptions have to be made based on the universal measurements used for the construction of towers and buildings. One can assume that the tower is 8m wide and 16m long, the wall, that is above the foundation, is 1.0kN/ m, the piers be 300mm, and the walls are 200mm thick. The mass of the concrete used in the construction is 2400kg/m3. Below is the calculation for each floor which will later be multiplied by the number of floors present in the tower.From the calculations above, the total amount of load on the foundation is equaled to 324 * 10 = 3240kN. The factor 10 has been used since it is the number of floors that are observable in the image provided. The result obtained are a rough estimate since there are no accurate data provided by the

Art Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Movements - Essay ExampleHan dynasty is one of the most reputable dynasties in China. Confucianism and Daoism became official religions during this era. Confucian and Daoist teachings of immortality and nobility and uprightness of the human soul influenced artificeists during the Han dynasty to predominantly paint human figures and scenes of daily social life. Zen artists view art as a representation of the essence, the eternal qualities of an object. This is already existent even before the artist arrives. His job therefore is to suggest by the simplest possible operator the inherent nature of an aesthetic object. The economy of means is important to convey the purity and simplicity of the eternal nature of an object. His aim is not to create an antic of reality, as what western artist does, but rather to produce something that makes one think beyond reality towards the essence of reality. Though seemingly simple, creating the abstract representation of the innate essence o f the object requires time and patience. After the comprehending the essence of an object, an artist privy effortlessly and spontaneously paint his masterpiece. Stupas represent the Buddhist belief that they can also achieve the enlightenment that Buddha achieved in his lifetime. The monument which is composed of parts represents the elements that would lead to enlightenment, is an edifice that would make Buddhist connected with their goal of enlightenment. Art, in this case, is a tool to remember the spiritual aims and purpose of man. Set B1.) Modernism is an art trend that stresses the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, engine room and practical experimentation. Many of the previous movements had failed to realize their goals. Painters of the 19th century believed that art should present images that contain and reflect moral and ethical values for others to emulate (Witcombe). save as scientific breakth roughs provided a possibility of debunking conservative values, a new, progressive world order emerged. From Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism all of which portrayed life as it is, Modern art, focusing on possibilities, emerged.2.) Most of the American painters during the 19th century were trained and worked in European countries. The

Critical response to Z for Zachariah by Robert C. OBrien Essay Example for Free

Critical response to Z for Zachariah by Robert C. OBrien EssayThe book I read is Z for Zachariah by Robert C. OBrien. I enjoyed this book because it contained hardly a(prenominal) simply excellent characters and is full of mystery and suspense.Z for Zachariah is most a sixteen-year-old girl, called Ann Burden who thinks she is the b bely person to survive a nuclear war. However, as her daybook entries progress, you read of a person in a green suit who is pulling what looks like a trailer c overed with the same green material as the suit approaching Ann Burdens valley. Later in the diary you find out that the person is a man who had been an industrial chemist before the war, working for the political relation designing a suit to protect people in the level(p)t of a nuclear explosion. His name is Mr Loomis and he is wearing the only mavin of these suits.When Mr Loomis in the end arrives in the valley, he is amazed by the fact that on that point is water, which appears to be safe but Mr Loomis makes one severe mistake. When he checks the water for the level of radiotherapy with his Geiger counter he in fact checks the clean water in the bourgeon but and so goes on to venture further down the valley, where he finds Ann Burdens alkali where the polluted Burden Creek is nearby. Once Mr Loomis has seen inside Anns house (where Ann has cleverly hidden any clues that could show the visitor that in that respect has been people subsisting there recently) he then proceeds towards Burden Creek in the hope of getting his prototypical bath in probably months.However, not realising that the stream and Creek are not connected and in fact the Creek runs into the valley from over the hill where the pollution is, he jumps right in. Within a very short period of time after Mr Loomis has had his bath he became very ill, as he had been exposed to a lot of radiation. When Mr Loomis becomes sick Ann then realises she will have to answer him and that is when she first shows herself. Anns diary entries take you through the events that happen when she is and is not in the company of Mr Loomis.My favourite part of the book is the first three diary entries. In these diary entries Mr Loomis has not yet arrived in the valley however Ann has seen potentiometer from over the hill for three days, which she presumes is from a adult male made fire because it is in a thin column that it rises. The smoke comes at the same time everyday, in late afternoon. Each afternoon the smoke is nearer to Anns home. I like this part of the book the most because in it you find out what it has been like for Ann being alone for so long because her family go forth her to look for other people and had never returned. It is interesting to read Anns thoughts of being excited and scared that she may in fact not be the only person left in the world. It is obvious why Ann would be excited active nearlyone else coming into the valley but maybe not so clear why she would be scared.Ann is scared because after the nuclear explosion some radio stations had still broadcasted, but towards the end of them broadcasting the presenters seemed to be going crazy. Here is a bring up from the second diary entry which will explain why Ann is scared Suppose a car came over the hill, and I ran out, and whoever was in it got out suppose he was crazy? Or suppose it was someone mean, or cruel, and brutal? A murderer? What could I do?After this quote, you realise that Ann is a very sensible and careful person because she decides to move her things to a cave nearby her home and make it look as though no one has lived in her house. That look she can watch whoever is coming into her valley and if they are crazy or mean she can catch in the cave unbeknown to the visitor and wait until they leave. At the end of the third diary entry Ann has still not seen anyone but knows that they are camping area at the crossroads and exploring North, South, East, West and when they come into the South they will find Anns valley.The most remarkable character in the book I think is Ann Burden. She is careful, mature, configuration, helpful, sensible, confused, and strategic/logical. In the following paragraph I will explain why Ann Burden is all of the things I have upright verbalizeThe reason I think Ann is careful is because when Mr Loomis is first entering the valley she goes to the cave to live there as she does not know if Mr Loomis is safe. During the book Z for Zachariah you realise that in fact even though Ann is only sixteen she is more mature than Mr Loomis who is quite a bit older than Ann. The proof that shows this, is all of the words I am using to describe her and she also thinks about having children to begin the human-race again. The words kind, helpful and sensible describe Ann well because when Mr Loomis is ill with radiation poisoning she helps him and is kind to him even though hes a stranger.Also Ann still helps Mr Loomis after he tried t o rape her she gives him half of everything i.e. eggs, milk and chicken and lets him have the comforts of her home while she moves into the cave. It is obvious that Ann is confused, as she does not know why Mr Loomis is being so horrible to her especially when she has done everything she can to be nice to him and to help him. The last words to describe Ann are strategic and logical I think these words describe Ann well because when she does not want Mr Loomis to find her she thinks about what he can and cannot see e.g. when she builds a fire she thinks about where and how to build it so Mr Loomis cant see it she also thinks about what time of the day to ignition it.The style of Z for Zachariah is in diary form. Throughout the book there were not many figures of speech, however, there were a few similes, here is a quote from the book that describes Anns dog Faro when he has returned from the dead lands where there is radiation, in it there is a simile as thin as a skeleton. The st ructure of Z for Zachariah is in chronological order, each event happening in an order that makes sense and makes the story more intense and interesting. During the book, there is not much come out speech as the genre of the book is in diary form so it contains more of the thoughts and feelings of Ann Burden.The pennings in the book are effects of modern technology, survival, self-confidence, bullying, years against youth, optimism/realism, breeding, art v science and religion v atheism. In the following sentences, I will discuss the themes that occur in Z for Zachariah. The first theme effects of modern technology is the theme that allowed the story to occur because nothing in the book would have happened had there not been a nuclear explosion. The themes of survival, dominance and age against youth are all linked together and are in a way very similar to each other. These three themes are perhaps the strongest and most occurring ones throughout the book, I will explain why sur vival of course is going to be a major issue, Ann is the one who thinks about this the most having thought of growing her own crops, so when the supplies run out in the shop she will still have food to survive, and that is just one example.Throughout the book Mr Loomis tries to be the stereotypical Alpha male, he wants everything to be done his own way and to be done by him. For example when Ann said she would go into the town with the safe suit to collect books, even though Mr Loomis is still ill he refuses to let her go, perhaps thinking she is incapable or he could have been worried she wouldnt come back with the safe suit, although I think the first scenario is more likely. The only time Mr Loomis seemed to let Ann do things her way is when he could not do things for himself, however, he never admitted it. Age against youth is another strong theme as throughout the book you realise that Mr Loomis even though he is older he is not always wiser and more mature, in fact Ann is defi nitely the more mature of the two characters. Optimism and realism are two words that can explain Ann and Mr Loomis completely different personalities.Ann being the optimist who thinks that the results of an action will always be good and Mr Loomis being the realist he makes decisions found on facts and not on false hope. Throughout the book breeding is a theme, but more with Ann she thinks towards the future and beginning the human-race again. The theme of art v science is one that occurs throughout the book. As Ann is interested in art and Mr Loomis is interested in science, a few quarrels occur between them. However, quarrels is perhaps the incorrectly word because Mr Loomis always seemed to get his own way. Again, I will use the example of when Ann wanted to use the safe suit to collect some engineer and physics books for Mr Loomis she also suggested that she get some for herself. Such as poetry.Yet Mr Loomis refused and said, You could not go. Understand that. Keep away fro m the suit. Never touch it. After Mr Loomis had give Ann his lecture, she could not understand why he had become so angry. It was alright if he wanted something but as soon as Ann wanted something to do with her interests, it was too much of a risk. Religion v atheism is a theme in the book. Ann being the religious one and Mr Loomis the atheist. I dont think Ann is strongly religious, I just think she finds going to the church and praying a comforting factor. Earlier I said Mr Loomis is an atheist. This means that he doesnt believe that any matinee idol or gods exist, therefore he does not understand why Ann would want to go to the church and waste her time praying.I enjoyed this book because there were few characters, which allowed you to get to know them better. I also liked the style of the book being in diary form because you didnt have to read the minute by minute accounts of what is happening in the book you only get to read the exciting and more intense parts which would b e written in a diary. The thing that made the book a little boring was the fact that there werent many different figures of speech.The length I though was too long, some parts of the book seemed to be dragged out to give it a longer length, for example when Mr Loomis is sick the book got a little boring because in the diary entries you really were only told what Ann had did that day, there wasnt enough character interaction. One thing that I thought ruined the book was the ending, I thought it was exciting when you were told that there was hope that there could be other people still living and you wanted to keep reading and know if there was anyone else out there, but it just stopped. Taking the entire book into account my opinion is that it is quite good as I think it gives a good insight into what could happen if there is a nuclear explosion it is realistic.

Sakuntala India Essay Example for Free

Sakuntala India EssayKalidasas Sakuntala is the best-known Sanskrit drama, and widely considered a masterpiece. It is based on an episode from the Mahabharata (book 1, ch. 62-69), though Kalidasa takes significant liberties in his version. Widely translated at that place were no fewer than forty-six translations in twelve different languages in the century after Sir William Jones groundbreaking first translation (1789) alone, Dorothy Matilda Figueira notes in Translating the Orient new editions continue to come forward regularly. Barbara Stoler Millers, published a hanker with translations of Kalidasas two other dramas (and three explanatory essays) as Theater of Memory, appears to have become a standard version, and certainly the classroom text of choice (at least in the US) it also has the advantage of being relatively easy to find (which is not the case with most of the other translations). The eighty pages of essays, cover three different aspects of Kalidasa and Sanskrit drama, and the solid critical apparatus (though the actual notes are a bit thin), as well the fact that it makes the other two Kalidasa bleeds comfortably available, does make this an appealing edition. It is not, however, ideal. Millers translation is solid, with a few inspired touches, only it does not stand out(p) among the competition. In addition, much supporting material, and more broad notes focussed specifically on the play would have been welcome.Sakuntala is a play in seven acts. It begins with a remarkable Prologue, in which the director of the play briefly discusses the planned nights entertainment with the lead actress. Hes worried about impressing his learned audience, and tells herI find no performance perfectuntil the critics are pleasedthe better trained we arethe more we doubt ourselves.(Critics with its newspaper-reviewer connotations is an unfortunate choice here Kalidasa clearly only means hes worried about the opinion of this generally well-informed audience.) The actress manages to tranquillise him with a brief song she is so utterly convincing and enraptu tintinnabulation that he forgets what play he wanted to put on (after just havingmentioned it moments before). Its a unwaveringly scene to pull of on the stage, only when on the page it can convince, and its a stunning start to the play (and also sets the bar very high). The play proper then begins, with King Dusyanta on a hunting expedition. Hes going after an antelope, still a monk stops him, telling him the antelope belongs to the local hermitage Your apparatusshould rescue victims, not destroy the innocent The king does as he is asked. Invited to the hermitage he looks around the grove, and comes across Sakuntala and two friends but he hides before they mind him. Sakuntala is the daughter of the head quick-scented, Kanva (who is away at the time), or so the king has been told. In fact, she is only the adopted daughter, and is actually the daughter of a royal sag e and a celestial nymph (which is important, as the it wouldnt be appropriate for the king to be involved with a commoner). Sakuntala is coming into her own, and one of the first things the king sees is Sakuntala communicate one of her friends to loosen the no longer quite form-fitting bark dress she is wearing. As the friend says Blame your youth for swelling your breasts.(Ryder translates this much more victoryfully You had better blame your own budding charms for that.) The king finally shows himself, but hes uncertain whether to reveal his true identity and pretends to be someone else. He finds out that Sakuntala would be an appropriate mate, but theres still a bit of romancing to do. He does, however, give her the ring of the title an embellishment of Kalidasas that isnt found in the original source-material, but that will allow the king to come of looking better than he originally did. The second act begins with a Shakespearean buffoons monologue the character of the dis pel transposed to India. The king is by now completely smitten. As the buffoon notes She must be delectable if youre so enticed.The king is indeed filled with passion but by the end of the act realises that the buffoon may let something about his passion slip back home at the palace, which might not go over so well, and so he tells him I really feel no desire for the young ascetic Sakuntala.What do I constituent with a rustic girlreared among fawns, unskilled in love ?Dont mistake what I mutteredin jest for the real truth, my friend The audience knows better, and in the ternion act their true feelings cant be hidden any longer though both the king and Sakuntala suffer for their passion before they can embracement each other SAKUNTALAI dont knowyour heart,but day and nightfor wanting you,love violentlytorturesmy limbs,cruel man.KINGLove torments you, slender girl,but he completely consumes me daylight spares the lotus pondwhile it destroys the moon.The king wants to marry Sakunt ala, but she is worried that the proposed rushed and secret marriage wouldnt be appropriate. fulfilment of desire is fraught with obstacles, the king sighs. Sakuntala gives in but only off stage, in between scenes. When the fourth act opens the king has returned home, promising to send for Sakuntala later. smooth enraptured, Sakuntala neglects her duties and is cursed by the angry sage Durvasas the king wont remember who she is at least until he sees the ring of recollection. (In the original version of the story in the Mahabharata there is no curse or ring the king is simply a cad he remembers her well enough, but pretends not to.) only when Sakuntala is sp move away she doesnt even realise whats happened. very much of the fourth act is filled with the sweet sorrow of parting, as Sakuntala prepares toleave the idyllic grove and the hermitage. Its all the more poignant because she is not aware of the terrible fate shes facing (while the audience knows exactly whats coming). In act five Sakuntala arrives at the kings court and doesnt get quite the welcome she expected. It should all be easy enough to clear up, even Sakuntala realises this ring will revive your memory and remove your doubt. But, alas theres no ring on her finger It must have fallen off .. Sakuntala has other evidence, describing their meetings, but that isnt enough to convince the cursed king, and he continues to worry Since its unclear whether Im deludedor she is speaking falsely should I risk abandoning a wifeor being tainted by another mans ?Act six begins with more jocund relief, as a fisherman is interrogated by the police about a ring he found the missing royal ring of recollection, of course. Now, finally, the king remembers. and he sets off to regain her. Sakuntala has by now given birth to a child, a boy who looks much like the king (and who should so the kings promise to Sakuntala long ago be his successor). But the king can barely believe that there is any hope left for hi m learning the boys mothers name is Sakuntala he moans But names can be the same. Even a name is a mirage a false hope to herald despair. But, finally, there is the happy reunion and ending.Much of the power of the play is as a character study of Sakuntala, as Kalidasa shows her in these different circumstances. Her love, her despair, her anger are all impressively displayed. Much of this and, indeed, the success of much of the rest of the play depends on the poetry of the play, and while there are some very successful bits, Millers translation does fall short. Sanskrit is a troublesome language to translate in any case. The nominal mingleds (similar to the German, except that they can be much more elaborate) pose a particular problem, and the Sanskrit verses with their own tangled rules are also very difficult to convey.Miller knows her stuff, and the substance of the play is well-conveyed. But much goesmissing especially that sense of poetry. Some of the problems can be gue ssed at from the explanation she offers of the plays title in the notes (one of the few terms she explains at greater length) Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection This is not a literal rendering of the Sanskrit compound Abhijnanasakuntala, whose exact form and meaning are controversial even among Sanskrit critics and commentators. The word abhijnana means recognition or recollection it is used in the play to summons to the ring Dusyanta gives as a token to Sakuntala () A more exact translation of the title might be The drama of Sakuntala remembered through the ring of recollection, where the sinless compound refers to the implied word nataka (drama),and a word like smrta (remembered) may be supplied according to a rule of Sanskrit grammar governing elision in compound verbs. Unfortunately, there are probably few words (and verses) in the text that dont warrant as much or more explanation.Miller goes for the grounded, straightforward approach, not riming the verses, for example (Ryder, on the other hand, imposes a rhyme on all the verses). Enough of the original comes through to get a decent sense of the plays qualities, but it rarely reaches the transcendent heights the original is reputed to have. A useful edition, with some decent supporting material (though more would have been welcome), it nevertheless isnt entirely satisfying. cash in ones chips to top of the page

International Tax Havens And Money Laundering

internationalist evaluate Havens And specie Laundering footLayering is the procedure of sorting forth the capital gained from illegal actions from their antecedent using different levels of composite fiscal transactions, for instance changing cash into travellers checks, sh atomic number 18s, investments, or acquiring expensive assets, for example photograph or jewellery. 4IntroductionIn this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and evaluateationes.Benjamin Franklin (1789) Cited in Sharon (2009), p333International assess seaports and bullion launder is becoming a major issue in the current world economy. A impose turn inn country is a outrank where certain valuatees argon levied at a sm in all rate or does not exist. People and/or businesses can go out it smart to move into those places which will cook evaluate competition amongst governances which also include illegal activities such(prenominal) as profits gained from unfair trading or frauds in a companys accounts and corruption. Goerke (2008) study shows that there is a negative relation venture between tax havens and corruption. This is because a country with tax evasion policies, the normal tax rate has to be eminent in aver to generate the analogous level of income as a country with no tax evasion policy. High tax rate has a tendency to rilievo corruption.In the UK, Her Majesties Royal Court (HMRC) is nerve-racking to gain access to details of overseas accounts of UK citizens in tax havens countries (Riem, 2009). The monetary Times in July 2008, reported the Swiss bank UBS will no hold have overseas account for U.S. citizens following a law suit by the U.S. government in May, 2008 (GFIP, 2009). The US Treasury has lost on an annual basis around US $ 100 billions in revenue because of the accounts held in tax haven countries. The U.S. congress introduced the assay Tax Haven Abuse Act (STHAA) in expose 2009 which includes a list of tax haven countries. Companies ar planning to move away from the place where the Act is in force. The Italian pay Minister, Guilio Tremonti had the fight against tax haven countries as his main priority in the G-81summit in Aquila in July 2009.Money make clean is the procedure to cover the correct source, possession, route and use of capital, largely gained from illicit actions with the intend of making appear is was obtained legally. There atomic number 18 terzetto main ways of doing this, namely placement, layering and integration (Shehu, 2003).Placement occurs when an individual deposits coin gained from illegal activities into pecuniary services pop the questionrs such as banks.Layering is the procedure of sorting out the capital gained from illegal actions from their source using different levels of composite fiscal transactions, for instance changing cash into travellers checks, sh bes, investments, or acquiring expensive assets, for example painting or jewellery.Integration is when an individual use s legal means to hide illicit specie, therefore leaving the illegal funds to be distributed back to miserables. These can call for the nervous strain of fake import/export invoices.Advantages and Disadvantages of International Tax Havens and Money Laundering shoreward financial installation offers access to steady political and stinting matters. This is advantageous to the residents who lives in atomic number 18as of political turmoil who fear their assets may be frozen. Some banks operate at a low cost base and provide high kindle rates than what is legal in the home country due to the lack of government interference in the affairs. Money laundering in remote islands and countries helps increase the economy growth. The services of offshore banks are advantageous when compared to domestic banks, they offer number of bank accounts, risk is based on high and low rates of investments. Some individuals have specific tax advantages because these banks are linked to other offshore companies, trust or foundations.However, through coin laundering the banks have been conveyd to help terrorist groups, horror gangs, and other state and non-state actors. Money laundering encourages tax evasion, by helping them deposit their hidden income in an sweet place. Access to offshore banks are difficult as they operate in far distant places. Yet accounts can be created by online and other modes, a country such as India finds it difficult to deal with the issue of money travelling in and out without restrictions. Offshore accounts aid this money, and this can cause financial problems in the country. The hot flash to uphold these accounts is possible by the high earners . The tax load falls for the middle income group. Also the people who earn much are left to pay more taxes to facilitate the economy. Acquisition, possession or use of property, kat onceing at the time of receipt that such property was derived from criminal natural process or from an act of useicipation in such activity (Lockett, 1999).Government review fiscal transactions to make sure the work is carried out aright on the administrative side, prevent welfare and other benefits fraud, prevent money laundering and to detect any other illicit doings (World Bank Institute, 2008). These advantages, however, government employees gaining access to these data and other individual king misuse these financial data (World Bank Institute, 2008). These advantages, however, government employees gaining access to these data and other individual might misuse these financial data (World Bank Institute, 2008). People who are involved in trying to hide or transfer properties that are used for criminal purposes will face legal sanctions (Lockett, 1999). For instance, these properties may be used for drugs dealing, hide dirty money, and any other criminal activities. ball-shaped OverviewInternational tax havens and money laundering is having a global impact. For instance, in India, money laundering is become a huge problem as money generated from illegal activities, such as crimes, terrorism and drug-trafficking, is instantly transferred to tax havens countries such as Switzerland. India are made up of tax havens, laws according secrecy, disguised corporations, anonymous trust accounts, fake foundations and assorted money laundering mechanisms which are de sign to move money and keep hidden their sources (Financial Times, 2009).The local government and authorities, for instance, the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, seems to have no interest investigating into the matter. Even during the G-20 meeting in London (2009), the Indian representative though this topic would be out of line when actually tax haven countries and money laundering was making the headlines. In February 2009, an Indian countersignpaper reports that several Indian ministers visited Switzerland on private voyage. (Vaidyanathan, 2009)Kar and Cartwright-Smith (2008) in a report for the Global Financia l Integrity (GFI) that illicit financial outflow from India for the period 2002-2006 was on an average low of US $ 22.7 billions and high of US $ 27.3 billions per year ranking India as the fifth largest outflow of illegal money outflow in the world. These come from mainly second hand goods markets which are not accounted for and largely processed by a financial service provide named Hawala Bank.Hawala Bank is a financial services provider which is unlicensed and therefore under no government authority. The financial institution accept money in all its form in one country and pays out in another country but does not find it important to keep proper records of clients and transactions. Their main trading activity is transferring money from developed countries into the Middle East and North Africa where the firm originated. Institution trading ofttimes goes through Pakistan Dubai and Africa countries such as Nigeria before reaching the customer as a means to protect the privacy of cli ents and that is the main reason is it use for money laundering as shown in Appendix 1. No studies manage to analyse the amount of money addressd by the company but it is believed that Hawala bankers are hugely involve for tax evasion and money laundering. Since it has no legal obligation, preventing them from trading is almost impossible as it is done in an informal way. (van de Bunt, 2008)As compared to this, Italy is showing a great concern in tax haven countries and money laundering. Italy has the highest corporate tax rate in Europe as shown in Appendix 2 which triggers Italian base companies to send profits in tax haven countries. De Mooij Ederveen and Dharmapala (2008) argued that company profits and income is more responsive to taxes that where the company or individual is situated. On 3 October 2009, the Italian government granted a grace period for company and individuals to return profits from tax haven countries for a small charge of 5% of the capital. They expect arou nd US $ 148bn to flow back in the country generating tax revenue of US $ 7bn mostly from Switzerland as in the pass, the posterior was responsible for 58.3% of inflows of profits from overseas. The Finance Minister of Italy, Guilio Tremonti, said in an interview in July 2009The true benefit of this measure is that it will close Ali Babas cave and measures are useless if they leave tax havens open.Financial Times (16 July, 2009)In 2008, Giulio Tremonti made the account of all Italian tax payers available online which was on of his approach to chase after incomes of Italian tax payers. Scherer Salzano (2008) discussed that this would not help the government as it could induce financial crime as private details of individuals such as income make and address were made public and consequently the website was closed.Furthermore, some countries enjoy labelling themselves as tax haven countries such as the Caribbean Islands. However, offshore financial services firms elect to promote t hemselves as wealth management centre. A recent approximation by the Tax Justice Network (2009), show that around a ordinal of the worlds assets is held in these countries (i.e. US $ 11.5 trillion). Countries such as France, UK and Holland have no interest in to crack down these tax haven countries as galore(postnominal) of them form part of the colonies. Nevertheless, following the September 11 attack, the U.S. government wants to eliminate these countries tax policies as it prompts money laundering therefore helping terrorist groups. Their main targets in the Caribbean are Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, caiman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Guatemala, and Panama. This is because these countries have slack financial authorities which benefit money laundering. Caribbean islands are consequently joining force to establish guidelines to attack money laundering mainly because of world regulators (Rosdol, 2007).sound Side and PoliciesSince the 9/11 incident t here has been an interest and growing concern for the rules and commands made against respectable crimes including money laundering and tax havens. The Indian government took advantage of the Organisation for sparing Co-operation and Development (OECD) sanction threats against tax havens and money laundering. They took a hard step at the countrys Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements focusing on restricting the outflow of clack money and adopting measures to arrest anyone involved within the country. In their campaign to stop opaque money funding growth, the Indian government began a negotiation with Switzerland to help release their infamous secrecy laws and share data on tax evasion expressions. Since OECD drives against tax havens, many countries have started to sign international standards on transparency and exchange of information.For instance the Cayman Islands have recently signed a joint agreement with seven other countries, which allows them to exchange information o n tax matters unilaterally. If similar agreements like the one Caymans Island took were taken by India, it would allow tax authorities to track down tax evaders and money launderers by gaining access to financial information that are hidden. (Basu, 2009)Before the 2008 tax haven and money laundering laws caused a lot of conflict with the Caymans and U.S, however political stability, strict and clear regulations has helped the country escape the OECD clampdown on tax havens. Financial services consist around 40% of GDP and have made the Caymans the worlds fifth largest financial centre. Strict laws against money laundering got the Caymans removed from the Financial Action Task soldiery blacklist in 2001 but since then they have maintained a good relationship with the main hosted banks. Regulations in the Cayman Island are provided by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, which also manage their currency. (Oxford economical Country Briefings, 2008)In the Bahamas the government is considering introducing VAT, but this is a challenge for them as the country has built their fortunes on their tax haven status. The financial sector has undergone a deep transformation recently, since they brought down the reputation by introducing all surrounding anti-money laundering legislations. (Oxford Economic Country Briefings, 2008)The funding and Money Services Act was enforced by the British Virgin Islands (BVI) in November 2009. The aim of this act is to make sure BVI laws and regulations are on the same level with international regulations and policies to fight money laundering and financing of terrorist. A board will be setup following the act to monitor licensing, regulation and supervision of financial services provided in the BVI, which will also include reviewing firms which do not comply with the law (Heath, 2009). There are number of offences which now these financial services providers will have to be line with so as not to break the law, otherwise fines can go up to US $ 60,000 applicable for offenders.U.S. Policies on International Tax Havens and Money LaunderingThe approach of U.S. law enforcement and regulatory agencies have faced relatively remarkable changes over the prehistoric decade such that money laundering and tax havens have been now operated as a primary issue. This change in approach and focus has brought proceeds regarding tax havens and money laundering. The assessment of Obamas policies consolidates a tremendous amount of information in this perspective.In May 2009, president Obama presented a set of purposes focusing at international tax policies. The objective of Obama is to eradicate the benefits for those companies and well off individuals that transfer their cash in offshore accounts. He described the current system as a tax order that says you should pay lower taxes if you create a job in Bangalore, India, than if you create one in Buffalo, New York. The key bear of this proposal is to restrict the companies w hich are exempted of tax payments on profits earned offshore. The plan of administration is to keep a strict hold on those companies which are not paying their taxes in U.S. pretending that they paid a huge amount of foreign taxes.During his presidential campaign Obamas party promise to work on tax havens and money laundering ACT. In February 2009, he said in a conferenceWe need to simplify a monstrous tax code that is far too complicated for most Americans to understand, but just complicated enough for the insiders who know how to game the system, finally ending the tax break for corporations that ship our jobs overseas.U.S. President Barack ObamaThis was his outmost priorities in a speech to the Congress that he guarantees to make the tax code more reasonable.According to the white house Mr. Obama is trying to close the international tax gaps. Companies which are investing in foreign countries and creating job opportunities overseas, will loose their tax advantages as planned by the U.S. President, companies which are creating job opportunities in U.S. will be offered tax advantages with incentives.The President and Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner proposal of tax policy could help in change magnitude revenue over next year. The estimated income according to the studies carried out is US $ 210 billion. However, this proposal has some drawbacks and has been opposed by several business communities. Congressional leaders, in March 2009, suggested that this change in tax code result in making USA companies less competitive around the business globe. About 200 companies and trade associations, including Microsoft Corp., General Electric Co. and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, collectively signed a letter stating that the following changes to the tax code would set them at a disadvantage with their competitors.This proposal faced considerable opposition by democrats who are hugely represented in senate creating a bug opposite for President Obama. During his election campaign Obama criticised the tax code policy as American companies deferring their tax liabilities on corporate profits. According to democrats the profit earning by overseas investment allows American companies to invest this money in their foreign subsidiaries operations.The loophole which is not covered by Obamas policy is transfer pricing. Transfer pricing is the biggest source of tax avoidance in corporate America. An economic science professor at Rutgers, (Altshuler, 2009), called transfer pricing the elephant in the room as it is a major problem which was not addressed under Obamas proposal.According to Ernst Young, reforms in Obamas policy for outsourcing have no affect on offshore corporate companies. By creating separate business entity these offshore corporations can contract with entity to outsource the job.Obama tax reforms have faced a lot of criticism from critics and the leaders in senate but the only purpose of these tax reforms is to encourage the U.S co mpanies to invest locally to create more job opportunities for Americans. The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) said that after evaluating the benefits of outsourcing in India, if the cost of revenue is lower than the tax paid by multinational companies in USA. They would stop investing in foreign subsidiaries.To pursue the dream, Obamas administration announces their budget policy for the year 2011 which is increasing the tax on richest individuals and decreasing taxes for the individuals earning less. Individuals earning more than $200,000 have to face increment of US $ 970billion tax on their earnings. For businesses there is an addition of US $ 400 billion.ConclusionFrom research a number of laws and regulations have been put in place to improve tax haven and money laundering crimes however, most of the countries still manage to avoid those regulations and laws. In future many countries have decided it is best they work together to put together laws and regulations to decrea se the crimes in the financial system if not like India it could become part of their economy and may be difficult to resolve in the future.The Caribbeans, India and Italy have undertaken the laws and regulations of the OECD. They undermine the legal economy because money laundering affects normal competitive conditions of markets which is a threat to the efficiency and stability of each countrys financial system. In Italy the prevention of money laundering plays a strategic role in fighting crime and is based in the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) requirements which areCustomer due diligenceRecord-keeping requirements concerning business relationships and occasional transactionsAdoption of adequate organisational procedures and internal control measuresSuspicious-transaction reporting.On the other hand, financial privacy is has to be accounted for before deciding whether to investigate a persons account and income which may end up on morality issues. With all the measure enforced recen tly and future prospects, tax evaders may want to consider paying the taxes rather than being sued for fraud for moving money to tax haven countries (Economist, 2009). Money laundering is a different case however as however strict the laws are, governments do no any proper experience on the amount of illegal paper money circulating. 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Accessed 22 January 2010.AppendicesAppendix 1Source van de Bunt, H. (2008). A case study on the misuse of Hawala banking. International Journal of Social Economics, 35 (9), p691-702.