Quantitative Research Essay

Introduction numerical seek has been a numerical representation as substantially as manipulation of the observations for the intent about describing and explaining phe nary(prenominal)ena, which these observations reflect (Babbie, 2007). This has been utilize in plenty of natural as surface as social sciences, which includes biology, physics, sociology, psychology as swell up(p)(p) as geology. Research swan where three-figure inquiry would be al or so appropriate Research is an orderly investigation of the subject point for aim of adding to the knowledge.With-in solid ground of the educational provision, several things support been constantly changing comparable structures of education systems, curriculums as well as text-books, mode of teaching, techniques of instructors training, amount as well as kind of provision to the schools worry science laboratory, furniture, text-books, class-room supply, and so on. Widely utilize way to classify educational inquiry study is for defining different kinds of seek fit to the types of breeding which they give. There hand over been several kinds of education look for studies as well as there absorb been number of ways, in which they can be classified.The studies can be classified according to the topic where-by specific phenomena which down beingness investigated are used for grouping the studies. In the look for on conundrums consent been touch on with the educational planning, major educational look question whitethorn be subsumed under the three denary inquiry techniques like correlational, descriptive as well as causal. So in the education planning duodecimal enquiry would be most appropriate Quantitative explore unremarkably uses techniques that are adopted from physical sciences, which have been radiation patterned towards ensuring the reliability, generalizability as well as objectivity.Such techniques include the techniques in which the seek participants have been selec ted iodine by one from study creation in the un-biased manner, regularise questionnaire or the intervention that they receive as well as statistical techniques used for testing the pre-determined hypotheses in regard to races in among particular variable quantitys. Researchers have been considered outside towards actual query as well as results have been expected so as to be replicable no matter which has conducted a research.Strengths of a quantitative paradigm have been that their techniques produce reliable as well as quantifiable selective information, which have been very much generalizable towards little large population. Quantitative measures have been usually much priggish to conduct the requirements assessments and for evaluations comparing the results with a baseline data. Five quantitative methods There have been different kinds of quantitative research. For example they whitethorn have been classified as the fall out research, descriptive, correlational res earch, causal proportional research as well as data-based research. All the methods are having their own usual features.Survey Survey has been defined as the technique about collecting the govern information finished interviewing the representative experiment about certain population. In legion(predicate) cases the looks includes direct contact with a population in the investigations (Chanimal, 1996). Descriptive Descriptive research includes collecting the data so as to test the hypotheses and answer the questions relating to the present status of subjects of a study. Correlational Correlational research determines if and to what degree the relationship prevails in between 2 as well as more quantifiable variables.Cause comparative Causal comparative research often establishes try-effect relationship as well as it also compares relationship however cause might not manipulated, like g blockadeer. experimental Experimental research usually establishes cause-effect relationsh ip as well as does a comparison however cause has been manipulated. Cause, is the self-directed variable which makes a difference. Effect, is the dependent variable which is based on independent variable. almost appropriate method Survey research has been general in studies of the health as well as health services. bourn survey has been used in lot of methods however often it refers to a woof of the much larger sample of the tribe by the pre determined population, which is followed finished prayer of the much smaller amount of the data by these individuals. Thus researcher uses information by the sample about individuals towards make few inferences about a wider population. usual problem with the quantitative methodologies Situation in which the quantitative research might pause is if we are ordain to explore the problem in a abstrusity.Any quantitative research has been good in crowing the information in width by the larger no. of units. However, if we are unbidden to explore the problem as well as concept in a depth, the quantitative methods have too shallow. For genuinely getting in the phenomenon, we are unavoidable to go for the ethnographic techniques, the interviews, in depth case studies as well as other soft methods. Recommendations for fixing a problem What if we have been doing when we are willing to look at both the breadth as well as the depth, or at both the causality and the significance?In such situations, this has been best for utilise the so called the miscellaneous technique design in that we uses both the quantitative for instance, the questionnaire as well as the qualitative for instance, no. of the case studies techniques. amalgamateed technique research has been a flexible approach in which research design has been determined through what we require finding out than through any pre-determined epistemological positions. In the mixed technique research, the quantitative or the qualitative components may pre-dominate or both may have the equal status. Possible to Mix the Quantitative MethodologiesIntegrating the quantitative research techniques lends the depth as well as clarity towards the social marketing programs. The compounding of approaches has been compulsory due to the wide vagabond about the data required to formulate the effective communications. But potential for the problems prevails date attempting towards combining a divergent research paradigm one can end up through not doing any kind of the research well. Such an consolidative approach thus needs the research team with an expertise in both kinds of techniques. Using the so many approaches may also be very condemnation consuming, lot much labor intense as well as expensive.former(a) obstacle that would probably change as the social marketing gains in the use has been that combining the multiple techniques has been still not accepted lot much as the viable research strategy, minimum in the main-stream of the public health circ les. Conclusion To conclude, this report card describes the research project in which the quantitative research might be most appropriate. There have been different kinds of quantitative research. For example, they have been classified as the survey research, correlational research, experimental research and causal comparative research as well as descriptive.

'Communication Breakdown\r'

'Communication equip manpowert failure Deborah Tannen in her essay â€Å"Sex Lies and communication” points out the problems in communication between genders. She focuses on smatteral styles and on how a someone’s stockpileations of one’s reaction whitethorn cause mis discovering. She emphasizes the grandness of something she calls cross cultural communication. Tannen believes that in aim to overhaul properly with the resister wake up we must nonice their culture and ad besides to conversation with them. First, Tannen describes the differences in how children socialise.Most of what we know or so communication we undersidevased when we were children. When wowork force are fine girls, they ache best friends, ones we trick piece of land our secrets with. When we get a little former(a) and sport a relationship with the foe arouse we expect the same contour of communication. Tannen believes the importance is non necessarily the guinea pig but the sprightlinessing that you get from conversation and points out ,â€Å"What is important is non the item-by-item subjects that are disclosed but the star of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people break up their thoughts, go throughings and impressions” (51).We must learn to socialize with the oppositeness sex the same way we do with the same sex. If we could learn to connect and take in the â€Å"sense of closeness” with the opposite sex we might be able to expire successfully. Tannen’s research has shown that manpower socialize differently as boys and â€Å"Since they don’t assume tattle is the cement that binds the relationship, men don’t know what merciful of talk women want, and they don’t scarper it when it isn’t in that respect”(51). Tannen points out that boys learn to legislate in larger groups, lots struggling not to be in the subaltern position of the conversation.Men do not like to listen; they like to odour like they are the superior individual in the conversation. (51) Communication starts in childhood and what we have lettered to expect from conversations. Next, Tannen observes how men and women listen to from apiece one otherwise and how this can cause misunderstanding between genders . She feels that there is confusion about what women expect and declares, â€Å"When women talk to each other in a close, comfortable setting, they often overlap, finish each other’s sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say” (53).Tannen also dialog about listener flutter. Women often pull up stakes say â€Å"mhm” or â€Å"uhuh” and men do not do these things when they talk to each other. Women are looking for that â€Å"listener noise” and if he is silent, she thinks he is ignoring her but on the same token Tannen notes, â€Å"Men who expect silent attention interpret a stream of listener noise as overreaction or impatience” (53). Body stateion and conversational habits are causing women to feel like they are being do by and men to feel as if they are being interrupted.When a cleaning lady is having a conversation they expect the listener to â€Å"express agreement” and be supportive of the conversation. Men, on the other hand, feel it is their conversational calling to express other positions in the argument. (53) schooling the importance of building a plangency with the person you are talking to may be another way to have successful conversation with the opposite sex. Finally, Tannen believes that accomplishment how the opposite sex communicates is the key. If we can learn what to expect when communicating with someone and so we can learn how to respond.Tannen suggests â€Å" A sociolinguistic approach by which male-female conversation is seen as cross- cultural communication allows us to understand the problem and forge solutions without blaming either fellowshipâ €(54). Tannen stresses the importance of telling the other person how you feel about their communication with you and advises,” Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won’t listen to or report fooling news may be prosperous to discover their husbands trying to adapt in one case they understand the place of small talk in women’s relationships” (55).It is really not the male or females jailbreak that we communicate the way we do but it is our fault if we do not speak up and tell them it bothers us. When we are in a relationship with another person we just have to adapt to the way they communicate to make the relationship work. If a woman learns to accept that her husband is not divergence to communicate with her like her best female child did in her childhood then she can look for other people to return those types of conversation with. (55) Learning to communicate with the opposite sex involves many different things.Communication is something that is learned in childhood but in the main with the same sex. In order to have a successful relationship with beneficial communication we must understand that men and women have very different dust language when communicating and that they do not respond the same. Accepting that there is a difference in the communication of genders and attainment to adapt is paramount in relationships. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"Sex, Lies and Conversation. ” The Norton Mix. Judy Sieg. refreshing York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 45-55. Print.\r\n'

'Genetic Counselor\r'

'Genetic Counselors are professional who conduct completed a master’s program in medical genetics and counseling skills. They then pass a certification exam administered by the Ameri nooky Board of Genetics Counseling. Genetic counselors groundwork help and inheritance patterns, suggest canvassing, and rig out doable scenarios. They will apologise the meaning of the medical science involved, volunteer support, confirming a diagnosis in a soulfulness who has ailment symptoms, and woo any emotional issues raised by the results of the genetic interrogation.Genetic Counseling is the process of evaluating family invoice and medical records, ordering genetic tests, evaluating the results of this investigation, and support elevates understand and reach decisions about what to do next. Genetic test are through by analyzing small auditions of declension or body tissues. The samples determine whether you, your secernner, or your babies exact genes from certain inheri ted disorders. It is very unavoidable for Genetic counselors to have knowledge of blood because it is key to know whether a disease can be prevented or do by if a gene alteration is found.In near cases, there is no treatment. But test results might help a soulfulness make life decisions, such as career choice, family planning or restitution coverage. A genetic counselor can provide information about the pros and cons of test Once a person decides to locomote with genetic testing, a medical geneticist, indigenous care dilute, specialist, or nurse practician can order the test. Genetic testing is often done as part of a genetic consultation. Genetic tests are performed on a sample of blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue.For example, a role called a buccal smear uses a small brush or cotton wool swab to collect a sample of cells from the inside surface of the cheek. The sample is send to a laboratory where t echnicians look for unique(predicate) changes in chromosomes, DNA, or proteins, depending on the guess disorder. The laboratory reports the test results in theme to a person’s doctor or genetic counselor. Newborn masking piece tests are done on a small blood sample, which is taken by pricking the youngster’s heel. conflicting other types of genetic testing, a parent will usually only cope with the result if it is positive.If the test result is positive, spare testing is needed to determine whether the baby has a genetic disorder. Before a person has a genetic test, it is important that he or she understands the testing procedure, the benefits and limitations of the test, and the possible consequences of the test results. The process of educating a person about the test and obtaining permission is called communicate consent. Work Cited http://www. enotes. com/genetic-counseling-reference/genetic-counseling-17201 Google search KidsHealth. org\r\n'

'Industrial Relations Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\n• traffic which are the dissolver of the employment relationship in an industrial enterprise\r\n• every industrial relations system creates a complex of rules and regulations to go forth the pee-pee placement and work residential district\r\n• main purpose: to maintain pure relations between labour and precaution by solving their problems through bodied bargaining\r\n• the government/ evidence shapes industrial relations with the help of law, rules, agreements, awards of the courts\r\nHistoric Facts\r\n• The invention of industrial relations was explicateed with the industrial revolution\r\n• Prior to this it was considered master and servant relationship\r\n• The workers were considered and treated like both other commodity which could be comfortably purchased and replaced\r\n• Wages and conditions of services were ridiculous and this bit was non only in India except also in England and other Euro pean countries\r\n• The term Industrial Relations fabricate perseverance and relations.\r\nObjectives\r\n•to improve economic conditions of workers in the present scenario of industrial solicitude and political government\r\n•to avoid Industrial Conflicts and develop harmonious relations\r\n•to raise productiveness to a higher level\r\n•to impose engraves, lockouts and gheros by providing better wages and amend living conditions and fringe benefits to the workers\r\n•encouraging the disposition of ownership among workers for Industries\r\n•to enhance government obligate over units and plants that are running infra losses or where production has to be regulated in public chase\r\n•improved Industrial Relation volition nourish the stake of labour and surface as management.\r\nThree articulationners\r\n• Trade league:\r\nTrade unions try to protect bet of workers, they insist upon the development of cultural and educational qualities of there members.\r\n• Employers & their organizations:\r\nThey try to protect the busy of employers, to create healthy industrial atmosphere, so that the objectives of the organization may be achieved. They try to get full co-operation of workers for achieving this objective.\r\n• political sympathies:\r\nThe government plays an important role in establishing better industrial relations. Government passes mingled laws to protect the interest of both employers and employees.\r\nCauses of poor Industrial\r\nRelations\r\n• An attitude of scorn towards the workers on the part of the management\r\n• shortsighted fixation of wages or unfit wage structure\r\n• Indiscipline\r\n• pathologic working conditions at the workplace\r\n• neglect of human relations skills on the part of supervisors and managers\r\n• Desire of workers for higher bonus, wages or daily allowances\r\n• Desire of employers to pay as little as possible to its workers\r\nCont..\r\n• short-handed welfare facilities\r\n• repugn on sharing the gains of productivity\r\n• Retrenchment, dismissal and lockouts by the management\r\n• get a lines by the workers\r\n• Inter-union rivals\r\n• Mental inertia on the part of the management.\r\nIndustrial Disputes\r\nIntroduction\r\nâ« conflicts, overturn or unrest arising between workers and employers on any ground\r\nâ« Such differences in conclusion result in strikes, lockouts and mass refusal of employees to work, until contumacious\r\nâ« harm both parties employees and employers\r\nâ« always against the interest of both employees and the employers\r\nPrinciples assigned by courts for settle the nature of disputes\r\n• The dispute must adjoin large get along of workmen\r\n• The dispute should be taken up by the Industry Union\r\n• The parties involved in dispute must have direct interest\r\n• The consulted demand must become injury\r\n• Workmen great deal raise Industrial Dispute himself under\r\nSection 2A of Industrial Disputes second -1947\r\nForms of Industrial Disputes\r\n• The Industrial Dispute can arise in any of the quest form given below:\r\nâ« Strike\r\nâ« Lockout\r\nâ« Gherao\r\nStrike\r\n•termination of work\r\n•refusal to work of any number of persons exit result to a strike\r\n•if workers are termination on mass casual break under common understanding this will also result in strike\r\n•the workmen on strike must be employed in an ‘industry’ which has non been closed down\r\n•the relationship of employers and employees continues make up though in a state of suspension\r\nLockout\r\n• Section 2(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 defines â€Å"lockout” to suppose the temporary closing of a place of employment or the suspension of work, • Or, the refusal by an em ployers to continue to employ any number of persons employed by him,\r\n• lockout, thus, is the counterpart of strike †the corresponding weapon the hands of employer to hold firm the collective demands of workmen or to enforce his legal injury\r\n• the suspension of work as a disciplinary measure does not nub to lockout • temporary suspension of work called lay-off is not lock-out\r\nGherao\r\n• Gherao means encirclement of the managers to criminally limit him to accept the demands of the workers.\r\n• As per the oxford English vocabulary:\r\nâ« Gherao means a protest in which workers prevent employers leaving a place of work until demands are met.\r\n'

'Sadh\r'

' after(prenominal) initiation War II there was a brief interlude when the get together States light-emitting diode governments and peoples throughout the do of import in the flavor that a raw era of peace, disarmament, and the find 1self of law could emerge through working(a) together in the United Nations. The bleak war soon blighted that vision, and the domain of a function was frozen for forty years in the balance of nuclear terror. The end of the acold war and the demise of the Soviet sexual union caught most people by surprise, and they were followed by a brief period of euphory in which optimistic notions circu belatedlyd, umpteen of them excite by the app arnt success of the stolon Gulf War.Among them were President George H. W. renders â€Å"new earth suppose,” Madeleine Albright â€Å"assertive multilateral,” and a short-lived however widesp glance over belief that the UN had at sound come into its consume. The century ended in general dis illusionment over he prevailing disorder and violence. The correctts of September 1 1, 2001, and the reaction of the administration of President George W. Bush expect so far reign the twenty- upshot 1 century coverion of creative activity order. Restarts statement reflects the concerns of this run.The attack on the valet de chambre Trade Center and the Pentagon over a decade ago, on September 1 1, 2001, brought into sharp relief a new physique of origination power and opposition. After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, there had been much blabber of a newfangled ground ensn ar, accentuate human beings-wideization, a ingle model of export-oriented frugal development, liberalizing, valet rights, democracy, and a global war on terrorism. Notions of a mod World Order typically did not incorporate attainable sources of opposition, or, when they did, it was with apocalyptic ideas like â€Å"the strike of civilizations. few theories assumed that t he dominance of the new order meant an â€Å"end to accounting,” that is, an end to the struggles between study powers and systems of thought that had attach world(prenominal) transaction historically. September 1 1 exhibit that we have not range of a functioned the end of history or a world without struggle, sole(prenominal) it similarly demonstrated that imply dividing the world into clashing civilizations misses the new global configuration of power and opposition.The post-WI 1 world has been mark by a one superpower, the United States, which played an aggressive military subprogram globally (especially after its invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 and, now, through drone war in multiple countries). It also has interpreted on outsized political and economic playpings in the world. The post 9/1 1 world has also seen the issue of key non-state actors, including ethnic groups, al-Qaeda, and many more. Since 2011, a key region, the essence East a nd matrimony Africa, has seen unprecedented popular uprisings, with citizens expressing pent-up rage against authoritarian regimes.The sass have been a period described by the intelligence service â€Å"globalization” scarce rife with compelling forms of localism. The purpose of this cut is pulls. With that goal in mind, the route first leave behind break up the earlier configuration of power that marked the minute fractional of the 20th century, how and wherefore it crumbled, and how its disintegration laid the foundation for today. The main emphasis is on the creation of global economic interdependence in the twentieth century in a world politically divided.The interdisciplinary approach of the course stresses the interplay between ii global structures, the world market and the hierarchy of states, and how the interplay of these structures has generated rules governing international life, â€Å" winners,” who have gained from these rules, and â€Å"los ers,” who have felt the rules slighted them. In the latter take apart of the course, we go away take care at the structure of the world political-economy in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the role of imperial America, and events in the Middle East, including the late popular uprisings and civil strife.Requirements of the Course and Assignments: This course is designed to greatly improve schoolchilds critical-analytic knowledge abilities and their academic theme capabilities. To booster bookmans reach higher levels, the course requires substantial education and writing throughout the term. every student is expected to fulfill the pursuit requirements: 1 . Readings. Students must(prenominal) read the assignments listed in the course schedule below prior to the Tuesday piece of the listed week (in Week One only, one edition volition be imputable Tuesday and others, earlier the Thursday Section).The indications are presented reasonably differently f rom the methods used in many other variantes. The depute knowledges present the authors own interpretations of how the twentieth century (or a part of it) unfolded. Their interpretations are important. As the course is interdisciplinary, the phonograph record authors admit an economist, Stilling, who is a Nobel Prize winner; a leading political scientist at Harvard, Friend; an award-wining international historian from Columbia, coach-and-four; and a noted historian of the Middle East, Kelvin. Interpretations in the assigned books often clash with those interruptn in lecture, and they may re provided each other.In other words, students testament have to direct their way through ancestryed stories f the making of the 21st century. Because the authors interpretations are given as the authors presented them from beginning to end, they oftentimes do not line up chronologically or outletally with the week-by-week class lectures. But students are challenged to compare and co ntrast over the course of the quarter the several(a) narratives they hear in lecture and read in the books. Besides the books, there are or so other additional un requirement readings required. Additionally, the assigned documents allow for help students try to read primary sources.The readings leave behind be discussed by students and Task in periodical Sections. Students are required to have to atom the books being discussed, as considerably as printouts of ALL additional required documents and readings assigned for the week. 2. Short Papers. Each student get out preserve three short probes of nigh 1-1/2 double-spaced, type write knaves (12 point New measure Roman type, one-inch margins). The first newsprint lead be on a reading assigned in Week Two, Francis Fauvism, â€Å"The rarity of History. ” Part of the class session on Friday, January 17, volition be on writing this written report.It is imperative, therefore, to read the Fauvism article carefully originally the January 17 class session. The paper is cod in naval division on Tuesday, January 22. The second and third paper drop be on any readings to help you make your point. A presentation of opposing points of mint and making a comparison of two works fag end lead you to in effect(p) paper topics. In short, students are back up to compare and contrast different authors ideas, even as the main focus is on a single reading. ) Papers may tittle-tattle on how the author uses words, the construction of the argument, types of evidence, methods, etc.What the paper should not do is salvage about the topic of the reading; earlier it should write on owe the reading treats or approaches its topic. For psychometric testple, you would not want to write on the frigidness War but on how Manager approaches the topic of the Cold War. The demonstrate is to be submitted in individual at the Tuesday Section meeting on the week the student chooses during weeks 2-9 of the quarte r, as broad as the paper is on the reading assigned for that week; no late submissions will be accept and no papers will be accepted in which the student is not in attendance in the section. 3. New York times. Every student must read the New York Times daily. . Research Paper. Each student will complete a look paper?typed, double- spaced, 12 point New Times Roman type, one-inch margins?on a country of his or her choice and canonical by the TA. Each paper will focus on a topic that falls in the period from World War II to the present. The aim is NOT to write on current events but on events or trends in the yesteryear that can help give essential background for understanding todays news. Library inquiry using scholarly books and Journals (not newspaper articles) will be the backbone of the assignment (at to the lowest degree three journal articles and two books should be used heavily in the research).Each paper ill be organized just about something puzzling in that country po litical, economic, or social experience at some time in the latter half of the twentieth century or the first few years of the present century. That arrive will be expressed in a â€Å" wherefore call into question,” which will be substantiated by qualitative or quantifiable evidence. Students will develop an answer to that â€Å"why question,” which will be the argument of the paper, including nurture evidence to support that argument. A number of aids are available for researching and writing your papers.The most important is your TA. You also can receive help from SOUL fictitious character librarians. The Jells/Political Science writing concentrate on http://depth. Washington. Du/surprise/index. HTML can be of great assistance. The Center is in garb 111. Please note that the tutors in the writing Center can help you with problems of organization, clarity, composition, and grammar only; they are not equipped to comment on the substantive content of your paper . You can also receive feedback on your paper ideas and substantive content at steer sessions.All papers must be written in MS Word, double-spaced, using Times Roman 12 point font. The due(p) dates for the paper are as follows (late papers will be penalized): a. A 1-2 page research proposal with references. Librarians will be in class on January 10 and 17 helping you get started on your paper, explaining what is entailed in a research proposal, particularization the precise assignment, and offering practical lessons on undertaking the research. The research proposal is due in class on January 16. D. firstborn adumbrate (approve. 5-6 pages), due on February 6.Papers must be sent via email to your TA and members of your study group by 5:00 p. M. , February 6, for peer comments by other record meeting members. Members of the national Group will provide Track function in MS Word. Members should provide general comments and inter- bilinear comments in the text itself. E. Second engage (approve. 6-8 pages), revised by incorporating the suggestions and criticisms of the ascertain Group members, due in TA mailbox in Thomson 411 on February 17 by 5:00 pm (the doors to the mailbox shut implement at 5:00). F.Third and final brief (approximately 8-10 pages), revised and expanded by incorporating the suggestions and criticisms of the TA and Study Group members, due surround 3, 5:00 pm, in Tats mailbox, Thomson 411 (or you may give the paper to your TA in soulfulness after lecture on that day). 5. Quizzes. In place of a mid-term, there will be weekly quizzes in the course, broadly geared towards that weeks reading. The quizzes are motivational tools to help students keep up with the reading. The quizzes will be available for you to take and submit on the course website each Monday, 5:00 pm to midnight. . Final Exam. The final exam, Wednesday, March 19, 2014, 2:30-4:20 pm, in our regular classroom, will include short and long essay questions and identificatio ns. A series of long essay questions will be available before the exam, from which two questions will be selected to genuinely appear on the exam. Questions will include materials from lecture, readings, and the New York Times. in that location will also be a geography question (see below). Students may bring a single page of personal notes to the exam.All students must bring blue books to the exam. 7. Maps. Everyone must learn the radical political map of the world, as well as natural sites, such as bodies of water, that have been critical to international relations. There will be a map section on the final exam. chit-chat atlases and maps online regularly! 8. Study Groups. All students will participate in Study Groups to be formed the first week during Section. Study Groups should meet face-to-face at to the lowest degree once a week to discuss readings, papers, and ideas. They are important sounding boards.Each Study Group will also dictated up an e-mail list, including all its members, as a way to communicate oft about assignments, readings, and ideas presented in lecture. Final grades will be determined on the following basis: 2nd paper draft 10% Paper proposal 2% Peer review of others papers 4% 3rd paper draft 25% Three response papers 21% (total) Pop quizzes 18% (total) Final exam 20% Participation in section is highly valued: the computed grade from the factors higher up will be adjusted up to 0. Grade points up or down on the 4. 0 scale establish on participation in sections.\r\n'