Research on the Effects of Media Violence

Whether or non motion picture to media furiousness causes attachd levels of intrusion and military unit in fresh plurality is the perennial question of media make research. nigh experts, exchangeable Univer impersonatey of shekels professor L. Rowell Huesmann, argue that fifty old age of evidence cross-file that flick to media madness causes fryren to be agree to a greater ex tennert rapaciously and affects them as adults historic period later. Others, like Jonathan Freedman of the University of Toronto, maintain that the scientific evidence further straight does non show that ceremony violence either produces violence in people, or desensitizes them to it. several(prenominal) Studies, M any(prenominal) Conclusions Andrea Martinez at the University of Ottawa conducted a comprehensive review of the scientific literature for the Canadian Radio- goggle box and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in 1994. She quitd that the lack of consensus intimately med ia accomplishments reflects three grey aras or constraints contained in the research itself.First, media violence is notoriously hard to define and mea irrefutable(predicate). Some experts who track violence in tv set programming, such as George Gerbner of Temple University, define violence as the spiel (or threat) of injuring or killing well-nigh 1, indep extirpateent of the method used or the surrounding context. Accordingly, Gerber includes animated cartoon violence in his data-set. provided separates, such as University of Laval professors Guy Paquette and Jacques de pretending, specific eithery exclude cartoon violence from their research because of its mirthful and un concreteistic presentation.Second, researchers disagree oer the type of onlyiance the data supports. Some argue that exposure to media violence causes ill go remote. Others put that the ii atomic number 18 associated, solely that there is no causal connection. (That both, for instance, may be caused by several(prenominal) third factor. ) And others say the data supports the conclusion that there is no relationship surrounded by the two at all. Third, level those who agree that there is a connection between media violence and aggression disagree ab proscribed how the one do the other.Some say that the mechanism is a psychological one, rooted in the ship sort we key. For example, Huesmann argues that children develop cognitive scripts that guide their own conduct by imitating the actions of media heroes. As they conson-key dotty shows, children come across to internalize scripts that use violence as an appropriate method of problem-solving. Other researchers argue that it is the physiological solutions of media violence that cause truculent behaviour. Exposure to savage imagery is conjugated to increased heart regularize, faster respiration and higher blood pressure.Some theorize that this simulated fight-or-flight response predisposes people to act acutely in the received creation. Still others focus on the ways in which media violence primes or cues pre-existing aggressive thoughts and feelings. They argue that an individuals desire to take up out is justified by media images in which both the hero and the villain use violence to sympathizek revenge, often without consequences. In her final radical to the CRTC, Martinez concluded that approximately studies support a positive, though weak, relation between exposure to telly violence and aggressive behaviour. Although that relationship tailnot be corrobo measure systematically, she agrees with Dutch researcher Tom Van der Voot who argues that it would be illogical to conclude that a phenomenon does not exist simply because it is undercoat at propagation not to occur, or only to occur under certain circumstances. What the Researchers be Saying The lack of consensus nigh the relationship between media violence and true(a)- serviceman aggression has not impeded ongoing r esearch.Heres a sampling of conclusions displace to date, from the various research strands Research strand Children who consume high levels ofmedia violence argon much potential to be aggressive in the solid orb In 1956, researchers took to the laboratory to comp ar the behaviour of 24 children figureing TV. Half watched a convulsive fact of the cartoon Woody Woodpecker, and the other 12 watched the non-violent cartoon The Little Red Hen. During play later onwards, the researchers observed that the children who watched the violent cartoon were oftmagazines to a greater extent likely to hit other children and get into toys.Six yrs later, in 1963, professors A. Badura, D. Ross and S. A. Ross studied the execution of exposure to real-world violence, idiot box violence, and cartoon violence. They divided 100 preschool children into four sepa regulates. The first classify watched a real person shout insults at an inflatable doll while smash it with a mal allow. The seco nd group watched the incident on picture. The third watched a cartoon version of the equivalent scene, and the fourth watched nothing. When all the children were later undefendable to a frustrating ituation, the first three groups responded with more aggression than the go out group. The children who watched the incident on goggle box were just as aggressive as those who had watched the real person use the mallet and both were more aggressive than those who had only watched the cartoon. Over the years, laboratory experiments such as these arrive at systematically shown that exposure to violence is associated with increased heartbeat, blood pressure and respiration rate, and a greater get outingness to administer electric shocks to inflict pain or punishment on others.However, this line of enquiry has been criticized because of its focus on short status results and the artificial nature of the viewing environment. Other scientists welcome sought to shew a connection betwee n media violence and aggression international the laboratory. For example, a number of surveys indicate that children and two-year-old people who report a re blood for violent entertainment also score higher on aggression indexes than those who watch less violent shows. L. Rowell Huesmann reviewed studies conducted in Australia, Finland, Poland, Israel, Netherlands and the United States.He reports, the child most likely to be aggressive would be the one who (a) watches violent boob tube programs most of the time, (b) believes that these shows portray life just as it is, and (c) identifies wholesomely with the aggressive characters in the shows. A study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2003 set up that n betimes half (47 per cent) of p bents with children between the ages of 4 and 6 report that their children sop up imitated aggressive behaviours from TV.However, it is interesting to note that children are more likely to imitate positive behaviours 87 per cent o f kids do so. Recent research is exploring the publication of new media on childrens behaviour. Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman of Iowa State University reviewed dozens of studies of film gamers. In 2001, they report that children and newfangled people who play violent moving-picture show games, even for short periods, are more likely to behave aggressively in the real world and that both aggressive and non-aggressive children are controvertly affected by playing.In 2003, Craig Anderson and Iowa State University colleague Nicholas Carnagey and Janie Eubanks of the Texas Department of Human naturalize account that violent music lyrics increased aggressive thoughts and hostile feelings among cholecalciferol college students. They concluded, There are now good theoretical and empirical reasons to deport effects of music lyrics on aggressive behavior to be resembling to the well-studied effects of exposure to TV and movie violence and the more late(a) research efforts on viol ent video games. Research Strand Children who watch high levels of media violence are at increased luck of aggressive behaviour as adults In 1960, University of Michigan Professor Leonard Eron studied 856 human body three students living in a semi-rural community in capital of South Carolina County, New York, and found that the children who watched violent television at home behaved more aggressively in school. Eron wanted to track the effect of this exposure over the years, so he revisited capital of South Carolina County in 1971, when the children who participated in the 1960 study were 19 years of age.He found that boys who watched violent TV when they were eight were more likely to get in trouble with the law as teenagers. When Eron and Huesmann returned to capital of South Carolina County in 1982, the subjects were 30 years old. They reported that those participants who had watched more violent TV as eight-year-olds were more likely, as adults, to be convicted of serious crime s, to use violence to subject area their children, and to treat their spouses aggressively. Professor Monroe Lefkowitz published similar findings in 1971.Lefkowitz interviewed a group of eight-year-olds and found that the boys who watched more violent TV were more likely to act aggressively in the real world. When he interviewed the same boys ten years later, he found that the more violence a boy watched at eight, the more aggressively he would act at age eighteen. Columbia University professor Jeffrey buttocksson has found that the effect is not limited to violent shows. Johnson track 707 families in upstate New York for 17 years, starting in 1975.In 2002, Johnson reported that children who watched one to three hours of television each day when they were 14 to 16 years old were 60 per cent more likely to be involved in assaults and fights as adults than those who watched less TV. Kansas State University professor John Murray concludes, The most plausible interpretation of this pa ttern of correlations is that early tell apartence for violent television programming and other media is one factor in the intersection of aggressive and antisocial behavior when the young boy becomes a young man. However, this line of research has attracted a great deal of controversy. Pullitzer Prize-winning author Richard Rhodes has attacked Erons rick, arguing that his conclusions are based on an in epoch- devising add together of data. Rhodes claims that Eron had education about the amount of TV viewed in 1960 for only 3 of the 24 men who committed violent crimes as adults years later. Rhodes concludes that Erons work is poorly c formerlyived, scientifically inadequate, biased and sloppy if not actually dishonorable research. Guy Cumberbatch, head of the Communications Research Group, a U. K. social form _or_ system of government think tank, has equally harsh words for Johnsons study. Cumberbatch claims Johnsons group of 88 under-one-hour TV watchers is so small, its abe rrant. And, as journalist Ben Shouse points out, other critics say that Johnsons study cant rule out the possible action that television is just a marker for some unmeasured environmental or psychological influence on both aggression and TV habits. Research Strand The introduction of television into a community leads to an increase in violent behaviour Researchers have also pursued the touch on between media violence and real life aggression by examining communities in front and by and by the introduction of television. In the mid 1970s, University of British Columbia professor Tannis McBeth Williams studied a remote village in British Columbia both before and after television was introduced. She found that two years after TV arrived, violent incidents had increased by 160 per cent.Researchers Gary Granzberg and pitch Steinbring studied three Cree communities in northern Manitoba during the 1970s and early 1980s. They found that four years after television was introduced into one of the communities, the incidence of fist fights and black eyes among the children had increased importantly. Interestingly, several days after an episode of Happy Days aired, in which one character joined a gang cal lead the Red Demons, children in the community created rival gangs, called the Red Demons and the greens Demons, and the conflict between the two seriously disrupted the local school.University of working capital Professor Brandon Centerwall noted that the sharp increase in the murder rate in North America in 1955 occurred eight years after television sets began to enter North American homes. To test his hypothesis that the two were related, he examined the murder rate in South Africa where, prior to 1975, television was banned by the government. He found that 12 years after the ban was lifted, murder rates skyrocketed. University of Toronto Professor Jonathan Freedman has criticized this line of research.He points out that Japanese television has some of the m ost violent imagery in the world, and yet Japan has a much lower murder rate than other countries, including Canada and the United States, which have comparatively less violence on TV. Research Strand Media violence stimulates fear in some children A number of studies have reported that ceremonial media violence frightens young children, and that the effects of this may be long enduring. In 1998, Professors Singer, Slovak, Frierson and York surveyed 2,000 Ohio students in grades three done eight.They report that the incidences of psychological trauma (including anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress) increased in isotropy to the number of hours of television watched each day. A 1999 survey of 500 Rhode Island parents led by Brown University professor Judith Owens revealed that the presence of a television in a childs bedroom makes it more likely that the child will suffer from sleep disturbances. Nine per cent of all the parents surveyed reported that their children have nightmares because of a television show at least erstwhile a week.Tom Van der Voort studied 314 children aged nine through twelve in 1986. He found that although children can easily distinguish cartoons, westerns and sight thrillers from reality, they often confuse realistic programmes with the real world. When they are unable to merge the violence in these shows because they cant follow the plot, they are much more likely to become anxious. This is particularly problematic because the children reported that they prefer realistic programmes, which they equate with fun and excitement.And, as Jacques de Guise reported in 2002, the younger the child, the less likely he or she will be able to identify violent content as violence. In 1999, Professors Joanne hazan and K. Harrison studied 138 university students, and found that memories of frightening media images move to disturb a crucial number of participants years later. Over 90 per cent reported they conserved to experience fri ght effects from images they viewed as children, ranging from sleep disturbances to steadfast escape of certain situations.Research Strand Media violence desensitizes people to real violence A number of studies in the 1970s showed that people who are repeatedly unfastened to media violence tend to be less disturbed when they witness real world violence, and have less sympathy for its victims. For example, Professors V. B. Cline, R. G. Croft, and S. Courrier studied young boys over a two-year period. In 1973, they reported that boys who watch more than 25 hours of television per week are significantly less likely to be aroused by real world violence than those boys who watch 4 hours or less per week.When researchers Fred Molitor and Ken Hirsch revisited this line of investigation in 1994, their work confirmed that children are more likely to tolerate aggressive behaviour in the real world if they first watch TV shows or films that contain violent content. Research Strand People who watch a lot of media violence tend to believe that the world is more bumpy than it is in reality George Gerbner has conducted the longest running study of television violence. His germinal research proposes that heavy TV viewers tend to perceive the world in ways that are consistent with the images on TV.As viewers perceptions of the world come to conform with the depictions they see on TV, they become more passive, more anxious, and more fearful. Gerbner calls this the Mean World Syndrome. Gerbners research found that those who watch greater amounts of television are more likely to * overestimate their risk of being victimized by crime * believe their neighbourhoods are insecure * believe fear of crime is a very serious personalisedized problem * assume the crime rate is change magnitude, even when it is not Andre Gosselin, Jacques de Guise and Guy Paquette decided to test Gerbners theory in the Canadian context in 1997.They surveyed 360 university students, and found that heavy television viewers are more likely to believe the world is a more perilous place. However, they also found heavy viewers are not more likely to actually feel more fearful. Research Strand Family attitudes to violent content are more important than the images themselves A number of studies suggest that media is only one of a number of variables that put children at risk of aggressive behaviour.For example, a Norwegian study that included 20 at-risk teen boys found that the lack of parental rules regulating what the boys watched was a more significant predictor of aggressive behaviour than the amount of media violence they watched. It also indicated that exposure to real world violence, together with exposure to media violence, created an overload of violent events. Boys who experience this overload were more likely to use violent media images to create and unify their identities as members of an anti-social and marginalized group.On the other hand, researchers report that p arental attitudes towards media violence can mitigate the strike it has on children. Huesmann and Bacharach conclude, Family attitudes and social class are stronger determinants of attitudes toward aggression than is the amount of exposure to TV, which is nevertheless a significant but weaker predictor. Undoubtedly that the media has an effect on our lives. The delve that rages is whether or not the media has a negative and patent effect on us as human beings. How much does the media effect out actions, our houghts, our decisions and, in general, our lives? We live in a society which praises laissez faire and freedom, and therefore to most people it is a scary thought that an outside source, such as the media, has such a large effect on our lives, and therefore it is no surprise that most people do not believe that the media has a strong effect on them. But when it comes to children, the debate becomes more personal. It is common knowledge that children are very impressionable , and that the people they meet, their parents, and tutorers can have a huge impact in the lives of Children.I myself can ascribe much of my current interests and behavior to the effect my parents had on my when I was a child. Today, though, some children are in poor families (the child poverty rate in America is now around 35%), and, as a result, many children often do not have parents that reside at home. Often both parents work long hours, and the children have nothing else to pertain their time except for the media, especially television media. How does what the child sees on TV effect his or her behavior?The real question that faces society is does the increasing amount of violence and sex on TV effect children? My personal opinion is that violence and sex in the media greatly effects a childs development. The amount of sex and violence on TV today dwarfs what was on when I was little. Does a day not pass when their is a stratum about a child killing another child, or an e ven younger girl becoming pregnant? When I go an unsophisticated or middle school I am shocked at the types of clothing that the children wear, and the way that they talk and act.Even elementary school children know about things that I did not learn about till I was in High School, and in my opinion things they should not know ab Kindergarten teachers in many school across the country, often in poor immigrant neighborhoods, no longer get to deal with innocent, wide eyed six year olds, but instead have to become conflict resolvers between children who see violence and intimidation as the only way to solve any problems. Teachers and Parents cannot compete with television.A study by the Mediascope Institute found that many children have already, by age six, spent more time notice TV than time they will spend talking to their fathers in their entire lifetime. dean Geoffrey Cowan spoke in class about how the media does not effect everyone uniformly. He said that the effects of violenc e in the media may be stronger on some individuals than others, but that this effect is still significant. I agree with doyen Cowan, and I want to add that this effect is stronger in younger children than in any other age group.Many students in the class did not face to believe that the media had a very strong effect on their lives and as a result seem to assume that this effect is uniformly weak, and regrettably I believe that it is thinking like that is making it so arduous for us as a society to tackle this problem. Studies have shown that the effect of violence in the media on children can be small, leading to more violent behavior in maybe 15% of children. But other studies have shown that this effect can be greater when children are raise by the media.It is hard to say whether a certain child will become more violent or aggressive due to the media, and I believe that other factors contribute to violence in children, such as problems at home, the influence of peers, or lack of a positive source of morals. But as a society we need to make sure that there are options for children in the media so that they do not have to exposed to so much mature content, and I believe that soon the protections in place are terribly inadequate. The effects of our modern media on our children is something that we will not truly know for many years, if ever.History might sustain us a clue the parallels between the sexual climax of todays new media and the advent of books show that we could be in for a paradigm societal change. But no other media absorbed ones life in such a passive, complacent way as television and the Internet do to thousands of children. more than research needs to be done in this field, but I believe that it is self apparent to everyone that the media does have a large impact on our lives. We determine our identity in relation to the media our favorite television show, favorite band, favorite book, all are determined by the media to some extent.Ide ally, as adults we would learn the skills to discern the effect of media on our lives and learn to mark off and to resist its temptations. Unfortunately most children and too many adults have not learn these skills. Everyone agrees that in todays society, television has a significant impact on us all. How it affects children is of primary concern, as it is in childhood that we are given the tools we need to become successful, respectful citizens as adults. How but does television impact childhood, and what should we do to ensure that that impact is a positive one?Television is one of the first ways in which children learn about gender roles and stereotypes. Although family and peer groups also teach these roles, it is through television that children are inundated with the sex roles and stereotypes that reflect the ideas of a handful of people in charge of creating and programming this medium. Although these portrayals have broadened in the last ten or so years to include more di versity in gender stereotyping, there are still many television icons that harbinger negative gender images, such as the Bratz.Bratz are a Saturday morning time cartoon and a glut of heavily marketed toys and clothing products that represent tweens and early teens as overly sexualized independent young women with attitude. Although I admire the military force and empowerment they embody, I am also incredibly concerned with the bring out clothing, heavy makeup, and defensive postures the characters all seem to take. I cant help but wonder what a ten-year-old watching these girls would take away as being the feminine traits that they represent.Will she want to identify with the strength and independency or with the heavy-handed sexuality that she sees? Add to that televisions bewitchment with glamorous girl icons such as Brittney Spears and Paris Hilton, and what are young girls supposed to believe about being a girl? Boys in like manner have macho images to imitatesuperheroes a nd wrestlers and sports heroes. What does that teach them about being potent? How does the repetition of these images teach boys how to respect others, cooperate, and engage with those around them?These problems with televisions sex and gender stereotypes can only make it more voiceless for these children to develop socially and emotionally. Being taught these gender stereotypes may make it just about impossible for some children to break out of those roles and become comfortable with all their traits and individualities. If a boy is taught by television that men are forever and a day strong, what does he do with his own characteristics that defy that stereotypedoes he continue to build his nurturing qualities or quash them in an effort to fit in?Do children learn that relationships only work when both people are behaving according to televisions ideas of their gender stereotypes, or do children learn to accept and respect people along the entire continuum of gender traits? If c hildren are lost in this quagmire of conflicting information about who they should be and how they should act, clearly they will not be able to develop the strong self-esteem they need to be successful, either at school or in relationships. There is a strong bond between all three of these developmental areas.There are lots of arguments made that television is a bane to the moral development of children. Violent television, especially, has been examined in over jet studies and reviews, and has been found guilty on the charges of increasing fear and aggression in children who watch too much violent. However, in many shows and in childrens programming especially, morality is key, with the entire story line being indite around one characters moral dilemma and the salubrious resolution of that dilemma, stretch forthing children a way to see how morality whole kit in action in ways that apply to their lives.Cognitively, there is some ambiguity of the impact of television. There is t he argument that television is responsible for the dumbing ingest of America, that television is responsible for shutting down our brains and acting as a tranquilizer. But there are also a great many good educational and instructional shows that teach children interactively in ways that books simply cannot, and a perceptive look at television programs today verses those created cardinal years ago reveals that shows have actually gotten more complex, with layers of storytelling and subtle nuances that audiences have to work harder to comprehend.Clearly, television is a powerful tool that can extrapolate a childs ideas about the world. How those ideas change and how the child changes in response demonstrate how the tool was used. Television can be foul to childhood in fact, too much television watching is potently correlated with childhood obesity. The time spent in front of the television could often be better spent in other wayswith friends, actively playing, or doing homeworka nd this often has negative consequences for the child, such as poor relationships or worse performance in school content. However, television watching can also be productive for children.Television can offer children the chance to see other parts of the world and other cultures without having to give home. Childrens educational programs and documentaries can teach them about animals, science, math, readingjust about any subject the child has an interest in. The key to making the time spent watching television rewarding is the manner in which it is done. If parents take the time to choose care in force(p)y the programs they want their children to watch, and then sit down and watch the show with them, asking questions to promote understanding, then that time is highly beneficial for the child.However, if parents dont take the time to choose the childs programs and just sit Junior down and let the television act as babysitter, then the time spent watching television will not only prob ably not teach that child new things, but he will also not be participating in the powerful social interaction he craves. In a 2001 article in The Nation, author Maggie Cutler makes the point that although television viewing is a rite of passage for American kids today, parents need to mobilise the rule of the real that real life is always more powerful. A real conversation is always better for children than watching one on television.Parents dont need to go to the extreme of keeping their children from watching television completely they just have to keep in point moderation and attention is best. For parents, the question of whether or not to let a child watch television is like the question of whether or not to let a child eat at McDonalds. There are potentially good and bad effects of each, and both decisions weigh on a childs health. A cheeseburger and fries every once in awhile wont do any lasting damage nor will an hour of cartoons just for entertainment every now and then. However, a menu with little more than that will cause enroll damage to a childs development physically, emotionally, cognitively, and socially. Negative stir of Television on Children something with play dough. Since there is no scope for chimerical games in the lives of busy parents television seems to be the most inexpensive way of filling the gap and playing the role of an ideal baby sitter. ceremony WWF fights, is on the other hand watching a show full of thumps, knocks, hurting an opponent, and jumping on senselessly. This program clearly sends out the put across that fighting is fun.If children are constantly brought up in front of a television then reading habits are not instilled in them, and they are not encouraged to participate in outdoor activities. Only the world of television is their own private world. Of course when television replaces human troupe there is also a good chance of the child being influenced by it. Young children cannot process the information wh ich they are imparted by the television, same way as adults. They think that whatever they are watching is true and this may lead to the corruption of their minds if too much violence is viewed by them.Parents should take strict action so they can limit the negative impact of television as much as possible. They should set rules as to what should be watched and what should be avoided. Alternative to television should be provided, for example if a parent starts spending more time with the child, reads books with him or her, indulge in creative games and indoor crafts, there is every possibility that the child will start shunning television for the better means of entertainment provided. To end it, I say that parents attitude towards the children acts as the building block of their futures.